Honestly yeah he could, Artur is a bit smaller but not that far away in size as Liston… he’s a good boxer, great power and is a solid all rounder who has beaten guys bigger and as big as Machen, Patterson and Folley his whole career. If he can bring his PED’s with him and his team why not? Freak strength too.
In general, I think greats from one era beat non-greats on another era. In this case, because of the general size discrepancy, I do think a couple of guys would give Beterbiev problems. Particularly, Cleveland Williams and Floyd Patterson could possibly beat Beterbiev. This is not to say they would but they could. All of this being said, Liston would most certainly run through Beterbiev's opponents undefeated.
He is about 20 lbs lighter. Granted, that is not a big deal. What is a big deal is reach. Liston's reach was around 82 inches. Beterbiev is 73 inches. That is a giant difference. Not saying it can't be overcome but it is significant at that level.
Beterbiev, rehydrated would likely weigh in the upper 180s to mid 190s. Maybe even 200. So I don't think he'd be as big as Liston, he certainly would be as big as the typical heavyweight of that era.
He'd lose to Zora Folley, Patterson, Machen, and Williams. He'd have a war against Nino Valdez, but I'm betting on Beterbiev.