Why are there different sizes and who gets to decide? What is the surface made of and how much cushioning/spring does it provide? What is the smallest and largest sizes possible for a world title fight? Any other information will be most welcome.
I believe 16' - 24' are the requisite sizes by all the sanctioning bodies - although smaller than 20' is unusual. You can actually find this info if you look on the websites of the various bodies under their rules and regs, though I'm not sure of the specifications for surface materials - as I recall it tends to be stuff like a 'non slippery porous surface' or the suchlike. AFAIK ring sizes are decided under negotiation between the promoters amongst other fight conditions such as glove specification etc.
There are also boxing rings that are fitted for olympic track and field runners, rings that have floor as smooth as a skating rink, and rings that becomes the best mattress in the world.